'Quantamental' Japan Specialist, LightStream Research

Campbell Gunn

'Quantamental' Japan Specialist

Long-Short Analysis on Japan, Asia and the World

LightStream Research

LightStream conducts quantitatively rigorous and data-driven analysis with a focus on Japan and Asia.

We consistently cover the Tech, Consumer and Industrial sectors, and provide ECM and Events coverage more broadly.

We supplement traditional qualitative insights from company relationships with a robust quantitative foundation that examines as much historical data as is available.
We further refine the accuracy of our insights and calls through the use of alternative data to flesh out current trends, and through a valuation framework that emphasises non-superficial peer group selection and a proper attempt to understand the metrics and changes that have driven security valuations in the past.

Thematic (Sector/Industry)

• BEST &amp; WORST •Our best and worst pair from yesterday is <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/hirose-electric-co-ltd" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:13513:1" rel="noopener">Hirose Electric (6806 JP)</a> with a 41% upward revision to interim operating income, and leisure and travel conglomerate <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/seibu-holdings-inc" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:458:1" rel="noopener">Seibu (9024 JP)</a> which revised down both for the interim and full-year, the latter scoring a maximum negative -30.<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/161/651/original/2020-09-25_06-15-33.png?1600982296" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="161651"></figure><figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/161/652/original/2020-09-25_06-14-28.png?1600982419" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="161652"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source for all charts &amp; tables: Japan Analytics</div>DAILY STATS <figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/161/650/original/2020-09-25_06-07-47.png?1600981686" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="161650"></figure><a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/oracle-corp-japan" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:16787:1" rel="noopener">Oracle Japan (4716 JP)</a>- Seasonally, the first quarter is the low point of Oracle's annual cycle following the fourth quarter high. This first quarter was unusually subdued as revenue growth was flat for the second quarter in a row. As revenues slow to a single-digit pace, the company has focused on cost reductions, resulting in a Q1 year-on-year 50bps operating margin improvement. OJ is becoming more of an annuity. As such and noting the ¥225b in Net Financial Assets on the Balance Sheet and no debt, it is time for another extraordinary dividend.<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/161/653/original/2020-09-25_06-29-09.png?1600982967" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="161653"></figure><figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/161/654/original/2020-09-25_06-28-42.png?1600983014" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="161654"></figure><figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/161/655/original/2020-09-25_06-33-14.png?1600983265" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="161655"></figure><hr><div>
 12 Annual • 13 Interim Forecasts/Revisions
The trend in forecasts and revisions has turned down again - only four of 25 announcements made yesterday scored positively and the average score change was -11: -
</div><div><ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Annual Forecast/Revision Score: 17% Positive / 0% Neutral / 83% Negative</li>
<li>Interim Forecast/Revision Score Change: 15% Positive / 8% Neutral / 77% Negative</li>
<li>Average Forecast/Revision Score Change: -11.2 points</li>
</ul></div>

• BEST &amp; WORST •Our best and worst pair from yesterday is Hirose Electric (6806 JP) with a 41% upward revision to interim operating income, and leisure and travel conglomerate Seibu (9024 JP) which revised down both for the interim and full-year, the latter scoring a maximum negative -30.Source for all charts &amp; tables: Japan AnalyticsDAILY STATS Oracle Japan (4716 JP)- Seasonally, the first quarter is the low point of Oracle's annual cycle following the fourth quarter high. This first quarter was unusually subdued as revenue growth was flat for the second quarter in a row. As revenues slow to a single-digit pace, the company has focused on cost reductions, resulting in a Q1 year-on-year 50bps operating margin improvement. OJ is becoming more of an annuity. As such and noting the ¥225b in Net Financial Assets on the Balance Sheet and no debt, it is time for another extraordinary dividend.
 12 Annual • 13 Interim Forecasts/Revisions
The trend in forecasts and revisions has turned down again - only four of 25 announcements made yesterday scored positively and the average score change was -11: -

Annual Forecast/Revision Score: 17% Positive / 0% Neutral / 83% Negative
Interim Forecast/Revision Score Change: 15% Positive / 8% Neutral / 77% Negative
Average Forecast/Revision Score Change: -11.2 points


🇯🇵 JAPAN • Results & Revisions 09/​​​​​​​​​​​​24 - A Quieter Oracle, Hirose, Shippers, NGK, Seibu

Quality-first, Business-perspective Strategy, Urbem (HK) Limited

Steven Chen

Quality-first, Business-perspective Strategy

Equity Bottom-Up

<ul class="">
<li>We view Warren Buffett's move to invest in Japan's largest trading companies as being indicative of the lack of reasonably-valued opportunities in the US as well as the size disadvantage of Berkshire Hathaway;</li>
<li>While being in no place to judge the superinvestor's investment decision, we find better investment targets to "participate in the future of Japan," especially for those who manage a smaller AUM than Berkshire;</li>
<li>In this article, we list one superior-quality business that serves the backbone of Japan's economy (i.e., the SMEs);</li>
<li>Our investment strategy concentrates on quality from a business perspective and seeks long-term opportunities with a 10%-15% hurdle rate.</li>
</ul>


We view Warren Buffett's move to invest in Japan's largest trading companies as being indicative of the lack of reasonably-valued opportunities in the US as well as the size disadvantage of Berkshire Hathaway;
While being in no place to judge the superinvestor's investment decision, we find better investment targets to "participate in the future of Japan," especially for those who manage a smaller AUM than Berkshire;
In this article, we list one superior-quality business that serves the backbone of Japan's economy (i.e., the SMEs);
Our investment strategy concentrates on quality from a business perspective and seeks long-term opportunities with a 10%-15% hurdle rate.


One "Better" Quality Pick to Consider to Participate in the Future of Japan

Technical Analyst, Vermilion Research

Joe Jasper

Technical Analyst

Technical and Quantitative Research

Vermilion Research

Vermilion’s objective is to deliver timely, actionable, and unique technical research to professional investors through the application of our various technical indicators.

Our research strategists seek to highlight securities which we believe are at major inflection points, based on our various technical and quantitative indicators, and offer asymmetric risk/return profiles. Our unique research methodology, centered on relative strength, enables our strategists to deliver superior investment recommendations.

Our process begins by organizing the universe of actively traded stocks into discrete sectors, then into industry groups. We then apply our technical and quantitative tools to identify developing price trends. Once attractive trends are identified within a selected sector or group, we screen for individual stocks which we believe offer the best risk/reward profile. We provide a historical perspective that often reveals, through our long-term charts, how price patterns often repeat themselves over time.

Technical Analysis

Deterioration for ACWI ex-US, EAFE, and EM, continued bearish-leaning indicators, and the downward trajectory of bond yields leads us to remain cautious and concerned that global equities remain vulnerable and could be poised for additional weakness moving forward. Major indexes around the world continue to do next to nothing, making Sector, Group, and stock selection all the more important. We prefer to use a barbell strategy of growth and safety. Attractive and actionable themes highlighted in today’s report include IT Services/Tech Software, Communications, Precious Metals, and Utilities.

Deterioration for ACWI ex-US, EAFE, and EM, continued bearish-leaning indicators, and the downward trajectory of bond yields leads us to remain cautious and concerned that global equities remain vulnerable and could be poised for additional weakness moving forward. Major indexes around the world continue to do next to nothing, making Sector, Group, and stock selection all the more important. We prefer to use a barbell strategy of growth and safety. Attractive and actionable themes highlighted in today’s report include IT Services/Tech Software, Communications, Precious Metals, and Utilities.

Global Equity Strategy: Stay on the Defensive

ja research

ja research is an independent research platform focused exclusively on Japanese equities. Leveraging data and graphic analysis provided by Japan Analytics, we provide insights on small and medium-sized companies that have been ignored by the sell-side as well as challenging conventional wisdom on larger companies. We also offer analyst and corporate access, the latter with translation if required. 

Quantitative Analysis

• MARKET COMPOSITE - AGGREGATE RESULTS •<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/865/original/2019-08-16_06-45-04.png?1565905530" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95865"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>THIRD DOWN QUARTER - This Insight will review the aggregate results for the 3774 listed Japanese companies for the quarter just ended and updated our Results &amp; Revision Scores for the Market Composite and each of our 30 Sectors. Operating Income has declined by 1.8% since the end of May and is now 5.1% below the peak of December 21st last year. The decline in Net Income has been more significant - 15.7% from the peak and 3.5% since May.  Japan's aggregate trailing-twelve-month (TTM) Net Income will end this year at a lower level than two years ago. FORECASTS STILL OPTIMISTIC -  The 'gap' between current and forecast results is now the widest in two years; however, the 'roles' are reversed. Aggregate forecasts have declined by 1.4% for Operating Income and 1.6% for Net Income and the forecast 'improvements' by year-end are 3% and 6%, respectively, which we consider optimistic. UPSIDE LIMITED - The decline in the market in recent weeks has taken the forward multiple to the second-lowest level this year at 13.7 times. Alternatively, the market is implying a further 17% decline in Net Income, assuming a 'normal' market multiple of 16.7 times. We are more inclined to the latter possibility.<div class="content-caption">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/770/original/2019-08-15_12-05-51.png?1565838392" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95770"></figure>Source: Japan Analytics 
</div>MARGIN ROLLOVER - Revenues are still increasing by 3.8% a year; however, the rolling quarterly rate of increase is slowing to just 0.4% in the quarter just ended while the forecast-implied growth rate for the next nine months is 2%.  Operating margins peaked at 7.78% one year ago and have since declined by 61 basis points since then.  TTM Net Margins are now 4.83% and have declined by 102 basis points in the last three quarters.<div class="content-caption">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/772/original/2019-08-15_12-26-32.png?1565839621" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95772"></figure>Source: Japan Analytics 
</div>SECTOR MARGINS - TOP - Bank Sector margins continue to slide, but have yet to lose their leading position to Telecoms despite the latter's margins being unchanged over three months. Internet and b both saw large margins contractions as did Chemicals which may slip out of this group next quarter. The most robust performance came from our long-time preferred Sector, Infomation Technology.<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/773/original/2019-08-15_12-44-16.png?1565840676" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95773"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics </div>SECTOR MARGINS - MID - The Market Composite OPM has declined by 27 basis points in the last three months to 7.2%, and only nine of 29 Sectors have higher margins. Of the mid-ranked Sectors by margins, only Multi-Industry and Consumer Services saw margin increases of more than ten basis points. The worst-performing in this group were Food, Beverage &amp; Tobacco and Technology Hardware. Over a longer-term period, there has been a notable decline in Construction and Non-Bank Finance Sector margins. <figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/774/original/2019-08-15_12-52-37.png?1565841201" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95774"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>SECTOR MARGINS - BOTTOM - Only Utilities of the bottom-nine OPM Sectors saw a margin improvement in the last three months, while Building Materials, Autos, Metals, Energy, and Other Materials all had double-digit declines. Retail margins are the most stable amongst this group,OUTLOOK - Aggregate results are a lagging indicator for the market, having peaked one year after the market peak of January 2018 - which is why we prefer to rely more on our scoring methodology (see below). Accordingly, we expect the trend in profits and margins to continue to be negative for the rest of the fiscal year and look for revenues to join the trend next quarter.  A breach of the December market low would be required to keep the market multiple below 'normal' levels, and we would advise patience for all but the most committed investors in Japanese equities.  <hr>• RESULTS &amp; REVISION SCORE •<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/869/original/2019-08-16_06-50-04.png?1565905842" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95869"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>RESULT &amp; REVISION SCORE - After peaking in November 2017, our Results &amp; Revision Score has declined for six of the last seven quarters, the exception being the previous quarter which was 'supported' by the optimistic full-year forecasts made in May, As shown below, the Annual forecasts were at 'odds' with the more pessimistic forecasts for the half-year - half-way through the half-year, the latter are proving to be more reliable. Ove the last two years, the correlation between the Results &amp; Revision Score and Total Market Cap ex REITs has been 0.78.<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/838/original/2019-08-15_18-08-12.png?1565860115" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95838"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>28-MONTH LOW - The Results &amp; Revision Score has three components, Results, Annual Forecasts &amp; Revisions and Interim Forecasts &amp; Revisions, and the last two can be combined to derive a Forecast &amp; Revision Score. The Forecast &amp; Revision Score is a good leading indicator for the Results Score with a lead-time of four to six months. Although still positive, the Results Score is at a new twenty-eight low of 1.25. The Score has only been negative for ten months since May 2010 reaching a nine-year low in December 2016. If current global macro indicators are correct, the Results Score should be heading into negative territory by the third-quarter results which will be released in February next year.<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/839/original/2019-08-15_18-23-10.png?1565861002" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95839"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>INTERIM v FULL-YEAR FORECASTS - The Forecast &amp; Revision Score is a weighted combination of two forecast series based on the official company forecasts released and updated by most Japanese companies throughout the year. The Annual forecasts tend to receive more senior management attention than the Interim, which are often delegated to the CFO. As a result, the latter series is more volatile, leading on the downside from peaks and lagging on the upside from toughs. The current Interim Score is the second-lowest in nine years, after April 2016 and has offset the optimism implied in the uptick in the Annual Score this May. If the precedents of 2011 and 2016 are to be followed, the Results Score should bottom out eight months from now, in April 2020.<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/095/870/original/2019-08-16_06-58-00.png?1565906307" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="95870"></figure><div class="content-caption">Source: Japan Analytics</div>CURRENCY IN THE DRIVING SEAT - The importance of the currency as a key driver in the earnings cycle in Japan is well illustrated above where the peaks and troughs of the year-on-year change in the US$/Yen exchange rate lagged by six months align well with the changes the Results &amp; Revision Score (RRS), where the correlation is 0.79 since the beginning of 2014. The recent strengthening of the Yen suggests a new low for the RRS in the first half of 2020.In the DETAIL section below, we shall examine the detailed trends in earnings results and forecasts for the 29 Sectors that make up our Market Composite as well as the Sector Results &amp; Revisions Scores.

• MARKET COMPOSITE - AGGREGATE RESULTS •Source: Japan AnalyticsTHIRD DOWN QUARTER - This Insight will review the aggregate results for the 3774 listed Japanese companies for the quarter just ended and updated our Results &amp; Revision Scores for the Market Composite and each of our 30 Sectors. Operating Income has declined by 1.8% since the end of May and is now 5.1% below the peak of December 21st last year. The decline in Net Income has been more significant - 15.7% from the peak and 3.5% since May.  Japan's aggregate trailing-twelve-month (TTM) Net Income will end this year at a lower level than two years ago. FORECASTS STILL OPTIMISTIC -  The 'gap' between current and forecast results is now the widest in two years; however, the 'roles' are reversed. Aggregate forecasts have declined by 1.4% for Operating Income and 1.6% for Net Income and the forecast 'improvements' by year-end are 3% and 6%, respectively, which we consider optimistic. UPSIDE LIMITED - The decline in the market in recent weeks has taken the forward multiple to the second-lowest level this year at 13.7 times. Alternatively, the market is implying a further 17% decline in Net Income, assuming a 'normal' market multiple of 16.7 times. We are more inclined to the latter possibility.
Source: Japan Analytics 
MARGIN ROLLOVER - Revenues are still increasing by 3.8% a year; however, the rolling quarterly rate of increase is slowing to just 0.4% in the quarter just ended while the forecast-implied growth rate for the next nine months is 2%.  Operating margins peaked at 7.78% one year ago and have since declined by 61 basis points since then.  TTM Net Margins are now 4.83% and have declined by 102 basis points in the last three quarters.
Source: Japan Analytics 
SECTOR MARGINS - TOP - Bank Sector margins continue to slide, but have yet to lose their leading position to Telecoms despite the latter's margins being unchanged over three months. Internet and b both saw large margins contractions as did Chemicals which may slip out of this group next quarter. The most robust performance came from our long-time preferred Sector, Infomation Technology.Source: Japan Analytics SECTOR MARGINS - MID - The Market Composite OPM has declined by 27 basis points in the last three months to 7.2%, and only nine of 29 Sectors have higher margins. Of the mid-ranked Sectors by margins, only Multi-Industry and Consumer Services saw margin increases of more than ten basis points. The worst-performing in this group were Food, Beverage &amp; Tobacco and Technology Hardware. Over a longer-term period, there has been a notable decline in Construction and Non-Bank Finance Sector margins. Source: Japan AnalyticsSECTOR MARGINS - BOTTOM - Only Utilities of the bottom-nine OPM Sectors saw a margin improvement in the last three months, while Building Materials, Autos, Metals, Energy, and Other Materials all had double-digit declines. Retail margins are the most stable amongst this group,OUTLOOK - Aggregate results are a lagging indicator for the market, having peaked one year after the market peak of January 2018 - which is why we prefer to rely more on our scoring methodology (see below). Accordingly, we expect the trend in profits and margins to continue to be negative for the rest of the fiscal year and look for revenues to join the trend next quarter.  A breach of the December market low would be required to keep the market multiple below 'normal' levels, and we would advise patience for all but the most committed investors in Japanese equities.  • RESULTS &amp; REVISION SCORE •Source: Japan AnalyticsRESULT &amp; REVISION SCORE - After peaking in November 2017, our Results &amp; Revision Score has declined for six of the last seven quarters, the exception being the previous quarter which was 'supported' by the optimistic full-year forecasts made in May, As shown below, the Annual forecasts were at 'odds' with the more pessimistic forecasts for the half-year - half-way through the half-year, the latter are proving to be more reliable. Ove the last two years, the correlation between the Results &amp; Revision Score and Total Market Cap ex REITs has been 0.78.Source: Japan Analytics28-MONTH LOW - The Results &amp; Revision Score has three components, Results, Annual Forecasts &amp; Revisions and Interim Forecasts &amp; Revisions, and the last two can be combined to derive a Forecast &amp; Revision Score. The Forecast &amp; Revision Score is a good leading indicator for the Results Score with a lead-time of four to six months. Although still positive, the Results Score is at a new twenty-eight low of 1.25. The Score has only been negative for ten months since May 2010 reaching a nine-year low in December 2016. If current global macro indicators are correct, the Results Score should be heading into negative territory by the third-quarter results which will be released in February next year.Source: Japan AnalyticsINTERIM v FULL-YEAR FORECASTS - The Forecast &amp; Revision Score is a weighted combination of two forecast series based on the official company forecasts released and updated by most Japanese companies throughout the year. The Annual forecasts tend to receive more senior management attention than the Interim, which are often delegated to the CFO. As a result, the latter series is more volatile, leading on the downside from peaks and lagging on the upside from toughs. The current Interim Score is the second-lowest in nine years, after April 2016 and has offset the optimism implied in the uptick in the Annual Score this May. If the precedents of 2011 and 2016 are to be followed, the Results Score should bottom out eight months from now, in April 2020.Source: Japan AnalyticsCURRENCY IN THE DRIVING SEAT - The importance of the currency as a key driver in the earnings cycle in Japan is well illustrated above where the peaks and troughs of the year-on-year change in the US$/Yen exchange rate lagged by six months align well with the changes the Results &amp; Revision Score (RRS), where the correlation is 0.79 since the beginning of 2014. The recent strengthening of the Yen suggests a new low for the RRS in the first half of 2020.In the DETAIL section below, we shall examine the detailed trends in earnings results and forecasts for the 29 Sectors that make up our Market Composite as well as the Sector Results &amp; Revisions Scores.

🇯🇵 JAPAN • Summer Results & Revisions - Market Composite & Sectors - Third Down

We highlight attractive and actionable themes within developed international markets, including actionable set-ups across among: Non-bank Financials, Japanese Technology stocks, and within European Discretionary, Industrial, Health Care, and Staples sectors.

We highlight attractive and actionable themes within developed international markets, including actionable set-ups across among: Non-bank Financials, Japanese Technology stocks, and within European Discretionary, Industrial, Health Care, and Staples sectors.

Developed International Equity Strategy: Favor EAFE over EM

Japan

ORACLE CORPORATION JAPAN sells a variety of software, including database management system software, application development tools, decision-making support tools, and business related applications.  The Company also provides support services for users.

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Oracle Corp Japan (4716 JP)

🇯🇵 JAPAN • Results & Revisions 09/24 - A Quieter Oracle, Hirose, Shippers, NGK, Seibu

• BEST WORST • DAILY STATS

Campbell Gunn

One "Better" Quality Pick to Consider to Participate in the Future of Japan

Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway

Steven Chen

Global Equity Strategy: Stay on the Defensive

Deterioration for ACWI ex-US, EAFE, and EM, continued bearish-leaning indicators, and the downward trajectory of bond yields leads us to remain...

Vermilion Research

🇯🇵 JAPAN • Summer Results & Revisions - Market Composite & Sectors - Third Down

• MARKET COMPOSITE - AGGREGATE RESULTS •THIRD DOWN QUARTER - This Insight will review the aggregate results for the 3774 listed Japanese companies...

Campbell Gunn

Developed International Equity Strategy: Favor EAFE over EM

We highlight attractive and actionable themes within developed international markets, including actionable set-ups across among: Non-bank...

Vermilion Research

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52-week Range

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🇯🇵 JAPAN • Results & Revisions 09/​​​​​​​​​​​​24 - A Quieter Oracle, Hirose, Shippers, NGK, Seibu

• BEST WORST • DAILY STATS

Campbell Gunn

One "Better" Quality Pick to Consider to Participate in the Future of Japan

Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway

Steven Chen

Global Equity Strategy: Stay on the Defensive

Deterioration for ACWI ex-US, EAFE, and EM, continued bearish-leaning indicators, and the downward trajectory of bond yields leads us to remain...

Vermilion Research

🇯🇵 JAPAN • Summer Results & Revisions - Market Composite & Sectors - Third Down

• MARKET COMPOSITE - AGGREGATE RESULTS •THIRD DOWN QUARTER - This Insight will review the aggregate results for the 3774 listed Japanese companies...

Campbell Gunn

Developed International Equity Strategy: Favor EAFE over EM

We highlight attractive and actionable themes within developed international markets, including actionable set-ups across among: Non-bank...

Vermilion Research

🇯🇵 JAPAN • Results & Revisions 09/24 - A Quieter Oracle, Hirose, Shippers, NGK, Seibu