Chief Economist & Political Strategist, CrossASEAN Research

Prasenjit K. Basu

Chief Economist & Political Strategist

CrossASEAN Research

At CrossASEAN Research we strive to produce unbiased and differentiated on the ground insights on companies across South East Asia. Our Research is produced for the most part after face to face meetings and conversations with company management to dig deep into the long term vision and strategy of the companies we cover. We seek to deliver investable and actionable themes on sectors and markets across SE Asia, often in collaboration with other Insight Providers across the region, pooling the vast experience of the analysts within the Smartkarma Ecosystem. We also offer bespoke work and tailor made trips for our clients. 

Insights across South East Asia

Macroeconomics

We recommend staying underweight India until the 7-day moving average of Covid cases turns down (likely no sooner than mid-May). There would then be an excellent buying opportunity: we have lowered our forecast of real GDP growth in FY2020/21 to 12% (from 13.5%), but the vaccine roll-out (with 60% of all those above 45 likely to have been vaccinated by the end of this month) should wrestle the new Covid case numbers down from peaks by end-May. A current account surplus, liquid banks, and a reformed, privatization-driven policy framework should ensure that the rebound is delayed but not halted by this virulent Second Covid wave.  When the IMF was forecasting 8.8% real GDP growth for FY2021/22 and the consensus was 8-9%, we raised our forecast to 12.5% in December 2020 -- and to 13.5% at the beginning of February 2021 (post the reform-oriented Budget). Now that the IMF has caught up with our end-2020 forecast, we are lowering ours to 12%, acknowledging the huge uncertainties induced by this 2nd Covid wave. Given the low base in April-May 2020, YoY growth rates for production will barely budge, but private consumption will likely weaken during these months as retailers in key hotspots (including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru) will stay shut during 2-week curfews/lockdowns. The current account surplus of 1.5% of GDP in 2021, and loan-deposit ratio of 72%, imply there is ample external and domestic liquidity to spur a strong economic recovery once lockdowns are lifted. At 145 million vaccinations, 17.7% of the adult population (18 &amp; over) or 57% of all those eligible (45 &amp; over) have had at least one vaccine dose. This is far from achieving herd immunity, but faster vaccinations from June should allow over a billion people to be vaccinated by end-2021. Lockdowns and curfews are proving effective in Maharashtra and Delhi (the worst hotspots), but will now roll through several other states. But the base effects will help the YoY growth rates in April-May. In March 2020 there was only a week's disruption, but exports were up 60% YoY (imports 53% YoY) in March 2021, steel output up a world-leading 23.9% YoY and car production up 79% YoY in March 2021. April and May 2020 were almost wiped out economically, so the YoY growth rates will still be spectacular in Apr-May 2021, given the strong underlying momentum.The disruptions to consumption (especially) and production should be made up in the next few months. The low corporate tax rate, reformed labour market and production-linked incentives should induce a powerful surge in investment, with privatization and asset-monetization providing an extra fillip as they are implemented during the course of the year. We do not expect the liquid banking system (L-D ratio 72%) to contribute to the rebound until early-2022, with early-recapitalization of state-owned banks helping a bit, but privatizations providing a bigger spur.

We recommend staying underweight India until the 7-day moving average of Covid cases turns down (likely no sooner than mid-May). There would then be an excellent buying opportunity: we have lowered our forecast of real GDP growth in FY2020/21 to 12% (from 13.5%), but the vaccine roll-out (with 60% of all those above 45 likely to have been vaccinated by the end of this month) should wrestle the new Covid case numbers down from peaks by end-May. A current account surplus, liquid banks, and a reformed, privatization-driven policy framework should ensure that the rebound is delayed but not halted by this virulent Second Covid wave.  When the IMF was forecasting 8.8% real GDP growth for FY2021/22 and the consensus was 8-9%, we raised our forecast to 12.5% in December 2020 -- and to 13.5% at the beginning of February 2021 (post the reform-oriented Budget). Now that the IMF has caught up with our end-2020 forecast, we are lowering ours to 12%, acknowledging the huge uncertainties induced by this 2nd Covid wave. Given the low base in April-May 2020, YoY growth rates for production will barely budge, but private consumption will likely weaken during these months as retailers in key hotspots (including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru) will stay shut during 2-week curfews/lockdowns. The current account surplus of 1.5% of GDP in 2021, and loan-deposit ratio of 72%, imply there is ample external and domestic liquidity to spur a strong economic recovery once lockdowns are lifted. At 145 million vaccinations, 17.7% of the adult population (18 &amp; over) or 57% of all those eligible (45 &amp; over) have had at least one vaccine dose. This is far from achieving herd immunity, but faster vaccinations from June should allow over a billion people to be vaccinated by end-2021. Lockdowns and curfews are proving effective in Maharashtra and Delhi (the worst hotspots), but will now roll through several other states. But the base effects will help the YoY growth rates in April-May. In March 2020 there was only a week's disruption, but exports were up 60% YoY (imports 53% YoY) in March 2021, steel output up a world-leading 23.9% YoY and car production up 79% YoY in March 2021. April and May 2020 were almost wiped out economically, so the YoY growth rates will still be spectacular in Apr-May 2021, given the strong underlying momentum.The disruptions to consumption (especially) and production should be made up in the next few months. The low corporate tax rate, reformed labour market and production-linked incentives should induce a powerful surge in investment, with privatization and asset-monetization providing an extra fillip as they are implemented during the course of the year. We do not expect the liquid banking system (L-D ratio 72%) to contribute to the rebound until early-2022, with early-recapitalization of state-owned banks helping a bit, but privatizations providing a bigger spur.   

India: 2nd Covid Wave Will Delay (Not Halt) The Strength of the Economic Rebound

India's nominal GDP increased 4.3% YoY in Oct-Dec 2020, although real GDP was only reported to have increased 1% YoY (based on production-side estimates). The implicit GDP deflator thus increased 3.3% YoY -- much more than the average WPI inflation rate of 1.66% YoY during the quarter. Using expenditure-side estimates, nominal GDP grew even faster (+5.3% YoY), although the reported real increase in GDE was only 0.4% YoY -- implying an increase in the GDE deflator of 3.9% YoY. While this appears consistent with the higher CPI inflation rate, the GDE deflator also takes account of the GFCF and net export deflators, neither of which were rising much. So it is likely that the GDP estimates for that quarter will be revised up eventually. The most encouraging aspect of the GDE estimates was that fixed investment spending (GFCF) increased 2.6% YoY in the Oct-Dec 2020 quarter, the first such increase in a year. This suggests that the production-linked incentives (PLI) and sharply-lower corporate tax rates are beginning to spur a revival in investment spending, not just in FDI (which was doing well anyway, but remains a small proportion of overall GFCF).  As investment gains momentum, the additional capacity creation will dampen costs and prices. Additionally, CPI inflation was artificially high in April-November 2020 because of supply disruptions and bottlenecks arising from the strict lockdown in April-June, which only eased gradually in subsequent months. CPI inflation has already eased to 4.06% YoY in January 2021. Compared with the high base in Apr-Nov 2020, CPI inflation is likely to ease toward 3% YoY by June 2021, obliging the RBI to cut its policy rate by 50bp (to 3.5%) by September 2021. We continue to expect a powerful economic recovery to occur in FY2021/22, helped by the low base from a year ago, the slew of fiscal incentives, an acceleration in privatization (which will crowd-in private investment, already enthused by low tax rates) and a surge of public investment. The decline in policy rates will be the icing on the cake, helping to deliver real GDP growth of 13.5% YoY in FY2021/22.

India's nominal GDP increased 4.3% YoY in Oct-Dec 2020, although real GDP was only reported to have increased 1% YoY (based on production-side estimates). The implicit GDP deflator thus increased 3.3% YoY -- much more than the average WPI inflation rate of 1.66% YoY during the quarter. Using expenditure-side estimates, nominal GDP grew even faster (+5.3% YoY), although the reported real increase in GDE was only 0.4% YoY -- implying an increase in the GDE deflator of 3.9% YoY. While this appears consistent with the higher CPI inflation rate, the GDE deflator also takes account of the GFCF and net export deflators, neither of which were rising much. So it is likely that the GDP estimates for that quarter will be revised up eventually. The most encouraging aspect of the GDE estimates was that fixed investment spending (GFCF) increased 2.6% YoY in the Oct-Dec 2020 quarter, the first such increase in a year. This suggests that the production-linked incentives (PLI) and sharply-lower corporate tax rates are beginning to spur a revival in investment spending, not just in FDI (which was doing well anyway, but remains a small proportion of overall GFCF).  As investment gains momentum, the additional capacity creation will dampen costs and prices. Additionally, CPI inflation was artificially high in April-November 2020 because of supply disruptions and bottlenecks arising from the strict lockdown in April-June, which only eased gradually in subsequent months. CPI inflation has already eased to 4.06% YoY in January 2021. Compared with the high base in Apr-Nov 2020, CPI inflation is likely to ease toward 3% YoY by June 2021, obliging the RBI to cut its policy rate by 50bp (to 3.5%) by September 2021. We continue to expect a powerful economic recovery to occur in FY2021/22, helped by the low base from a year ago, the slew of fiscal incentives, an acceleration in privatization (which will crowd-in private investment, already enthused by low tax rates) and a surge of public investment. The decline in policy rates will be the icing on the cake, helping to deliver real GDP growth of 13.5% YoY in FY2021/22.   

India: Easing Inflation Will Oblige RBI to Cut Policy Rates in the Next Half Year

Turbo-charged by a 34% surge in public investment, a widening privatization and asset monetization program, and a credible mechanism for cleaning up banks' bad assets, India's real GDP is likely to grow 13.5% in FY2021/22. With a labour market as flexible as any in Asia, corporate taxes as low as Singapore for new manufacturers, production-linked incentives, efficiency gains from privatization, and steadily-greater lending by cleaned-up banks, real GDP will grow 10% annually over the decade ahead. Stay Overweight India. 
India's economy received a fillip from the Budget for FY2021/22, which contained a 34.5% YoY increase in public investment (particularly infrastructure), a wider focus on privatization of government-owned companies (including 3 banks and an insurer) as part of a radical agenda that includes monetization of the government's other assets and land (via the the creation of Infrastructure Investment Trusts), and steps to work out banks' bad loan problems via an asset reconstruction company (for government-owned banks) that would take over, manage and then sell the bad loans on the market.  
This fiscal year's deficit is projected to be 9.5% of GDP, although this number includes more transparent accounting, particularly by bringing food subsidies back onto the government's books (rather than onto those of the Food Corporation of India). Even with that transparency, though, the actual deficit is unlikely to be larger than 8% of GDP -- and GDP likely to be higher than the government has forecast. With the big boost to public investment, the successful vaccine rollout, labour-market reforms, production-linked incentives, broad-based and widening privatization program, and mechanisms to unclog bank lending, we expect real GDP to grow 13.5% in FY2021/22, with CPI inflation averaging 4% YoY, which will allow policy rates to decline. Given the buoyancy in tax revenues, we expect the fiscal deficit to moderate to 4.5% of GDP next fiscal year, and a virtuous circle of lower interest rates and more crowding in of private investment. 
While FY2021/22 will see the completion of eight big-ticket strategic sales of public enterprises (SCI, BPCL, ConCor, Air India, IDBI, two banks and an insurer) and one large IPO (of LIC), privatizations and asset monetization will mark the medium-term roll-out of "minimum government, maximum governance", as the government steadily withdraws from running businesses, turning them over instead to the dynamism of entrepreneurial India and FDI. A rationally cleaned-up banking system will be positioned also to fund new lending, while FDI and domestic investment help the reformed Indian economy capture an increasing share of global value chains (GVCs) fleeing China for safer shores. We expect real GDP growth of 10% annually over the 2021-30 decade, transforming India into a high-middle-income economy by the end of the decade. EPS growth too will reflect the economy's growth. Stay solidly Overweight India.

Turbo-charged by a 34% surge in public investment, a widening privatization and asset monetization program, and a credible mechanism for cleaning up banks' bad assets, India's real GDP is likely to grow 13.5% in FY2021/22. With a labour market as flexible as any in Asia, corporate taxes as low as Singapore for new manufacturers, production-linked incentives, efficiency gains from privatization, and steadily-greater lending by cleaned-up banks, real GDP will grow 10% annually over the decade ahead. Stay Overweight India. 
India's economy received a fillip from the Budget for FY2021/22, which contained a 34.5% YoY increase in public investment (particularly infrastructure), a wider focus on privatization of government-owned companies (including 3 banks and an insurer) as part of a radical agenda that includes monetization of the government's other assets and land (via the the creation of Infrastructure Investment Trusts), and steps to work out banks' bad loan problems via an asset reconstruction company (for government-owned banks) that would take over, manage and then sell the bad loans on the market.  
This fiscal year's deficit is projected to be 9.5% of GDP, although this number includes more transparent accounting, particularly by bringing food subsidies back onto the government's books (rather than onto those of the Food Corporation of India). Even with that transparency, though, the actual deficit is unlikely to be larger than 8% of GDP -- and GDP likely to be higher than the government has forecast. With the big boost to public investment, the successful vaccine rollout, labour-market reforms, production-linked incentives, broad-based and widening privatization program, and mechanisms to unclog bank lending, we expect real GDP to grow 13.5% in FY2021/22, with CPI inflation averaging 4% YoY, which will allow policy rates to decline. Given the buoyancy in tax revenues, we expect the fiscal deficit to moderate to 4.5% of GDP next fiscal year, and a virtuous circle of lower interest rates and more crowding in of private investment. 
While FY2021/22 will see the completion of eight big-ticket strategic sales of public enterprises (SCI, BPCL, ConCor, Air India, IDBI, two banks and an insurer) and one large IPO (of LIC), privatizations and asset monetization will mark the medium-term roll-out of "minimum government, maximum governance", as the government steadily withdraws from running businesses, turning them over instead to the dynamism of entrepreneurial India and FDI. A rationally cleaned-up banking system will be positioned also to fund new lending, while FDI and domestic investment help the reformed Indian economy capture an increasing share of global value chains (GVCs) fleeing China for safer shores. We expect real GDP growth of 10% annually over the 2021-30 decade, transforming India into a high-middle-income economy by the end of the decade. EPS growth too will reflect the economy's growth. Stay solidly Overweight India.  

India: Public Investment, Privatization & Bank Reform Set the Stage for Faster Growth

While the Economic Survey garnered headlines for its bold call for aggressive fiscal spending in the period ahead, one remarkable fact was lost in the noise: India's fiscal deficit declined 12.7% YoY in October-December 2020, and was consequently up only 24.3% YoY in Apr-Dec 2020 despite a severe economic recession. This was made possible by ensuring that net tax revenues actually increased 6.35% YoY in Apr-Dec 2020, despite the economic contraction during the period. It was only after it was clear that tax revenues were recovering in Q3 of the fiscal year that government spending began to be ramped up (having declined marginally in Apr-Sep20). In a fuel-scarce economy, consumers of petrol and diesel have borne the brunt of fiscal restraint in a difficult year. Excise duty revenues were up 54% YoY in April-December 2020, almost entirely because of petroleum-related excise duties. Personal income tax revenue soared 25.5% YoY in 3Q (Oct-Dec 2020) and corporate tax revenue increased 34.8% YoY that quarter -- pointing to a clear rebound in middle-class incomes and corporate profits in the last quarter -- which are likely to continue in the Jan-Mar 2021 quarter, especially given that March is usually the biggest month for production, income and government tax revenue -- but March 2020 was when the lockdown began. We continue to expect that the government's forecast of a contraction in real GDP of 7.7% in FY2020/21 is too low: the rebound in the second half of the fiscal year will be substantially positive (not a contraction as the Survey conservatively estimates). Incredible fiscal restraint during the recession has now prepared the way for a powerful rebound in government spending -- permitted by a rebound in tax revenue as the economy recovers. More importantly, privatization revenues (which have performed very poorly again this FY) are likely to play a very big part in the period ahead. Given the strength of equity markets, it is a shame that the government did not make more progress with privatisation in 2020, but that is likely to be a big and genuine theme in the year ahead. We remain bullish on India.

While the Economic Survey garnered headlines for its bold call for aggressive fiscal spending in the period ahead, one remarkable fact was lost in the noise: India's fiscal deficit declined 12.7% YoY in October-December 2020, and was consequently up only 24.3% YoY in Apr-Dec 2020 despite a severe economic recession. This was made possible by ensuring that net tax revenues actually increased 6.35% YoY in Apr-Dec 2020, despite the economic contraction during the period. It was only after it was clear that tax revenues were recovering in Q3 of the fiscal year that government spending began to be ramped up (having declined marginally in Apr-Sep20). In a fuel-scarce economy, consumers of petrol and diesel have borne the brunt of fiscal restraint in a difficult year. Excise duty revenues were up 54% YoY in April-December 2020, almost entirely because of petroleum-related excise duties. Personal income tax revenue soared 25.5% YoY in 3Q (Oct-Dec 2020) and corporate tax revenue increased 34.8% YoY that quarter -- pointing to a clear rebound in middle-class incomes and corporate profits in the last quarter -- which are likely to continue in the Jan-Mar 2021 quarter, especially given that March is usually the biggest month for production, income and government tax revenue -- but March 2020 was when the lockdown began. We continue to expect that the government's forecast of a contraction in real GDP of 7.7% in FY2020/21 is too low: the rebound in the second half of the fiscal year will be substantially positive (not a contraction as the Survey conservatively estimates). Incredible fiscal restraint during the recession has now prepared the way for a powerful rebound in government spending -- permitted by a rebound in tax revenue as the economy recovers. More importantly, privatization revenues (which have performed very poorly again this FY) are likely to play a very big part in the period ahead. Given the strength of equity markets, it is a shame that the government did not make more progress with privatisation in 2020, but that is likely to be a big and genuine theme in the year ahead. We remain bullish on India.  

India: Incredible Fiscal Responsibility Amid the Economic Devastation of Covid

Silver Point

Thomas J. Monaco

Silver Point is a boutique research firm that focuses on the broader financial services sector, with a particular focus on troubled institutions globally. 

Asia Ex Japan

Thematic (Sector/Industry)

*Bracing For Even Tougher Times: According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India’s financial sector needs to prepare for even more challenging times given the continued risk of credit deterioration, which remains heightened due to this unrelenting pandemic; and*Open Your Wallets, Indian Financials Need Money: Given the economic uncertainty posed by COVID-19, credit quality in the Indian financial system is likely to present continued economic challenges in 2021. If the RBI is correct, and we believe that it is – although its forecasts appear quite light, FY 2022 will see continued losses and massive levels of capital raised.

*Bracing For Even Tougher Times: According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India’s financial sector needs to prepare for even more challenging times given the continued risk of credit deterioration, which remains heightened due to this unrelenting pandemic; and*Open Your Wallets, Indian Financials Need Money: Given the economic uncertainty posed by COVID-19, credit quality in the Indian financial system is likely to present continued economic challenges in 2021. If the RBI is correct, and we believe that it is – although its forecasts appear quite light, FY 2022 will see continued losses and massive levels of capital raised.   

Reserve Bank of India – Continued Bank Waterboarding

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India: 2nd Covid Wave Will Delay (Not Halt) The Strength of the Economic Rebound

Underweight India near-term amid Covid uncertainty. But real GDP still to grow 12% in FY2021/22, with output growth aided by ultralow base in Apr...

Prasenjit K. Basu

India: Easing Inflation Will Oblige RBI to Cut Policy Rates in the Next Half Year

Nominal GDP was up 5.3%YoY in Oct-Dec 2020, although real GDP rose only 1%YoY. But CPI inflation will likely be below 3%YoY by June, forcing a 50bp...

Prasenjit K. Basu

India: Public Investment, Privatization & Bank Reform Set the Stage for Faster Growth

Turbocharged by 34% surge in capex, a growing privatization & asset monetization program, & a credible mechanism for cleaning up banks' bad assets,...

Prasenjit K. Basu

India: Incredible Fiscal Responsibility Amid the Economic Devastation of Covid

Excise duty (mainly petrol) was up 54%YoY in Apr-Dec 2020, but rebounding income (+25%YoY) and corporate tax (+35%YoY) revenues in Oct-Dec2020...

Prasenjit K. Basu

Reserve Bank of India – Continued Bank Waterboarding

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA: India’s financial sector needs to prepare for even more challenging times. If the RBI is correct, FY 2022 will see continued...

Thomas J. Monaco

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