MD, Leaf & Ledger Limited

Leaf & Ledger Limited

Formed in 2024, Leaf & Ledger is a European advisory and research firm serving institutional investors and managers. We focus on real assets and private markets, with public-market read-throughs where material. Our work emphasises valuation signals, market structure, and execution topics that translate technical assessment into underwriting and strategy.

Insight That Moves Capital

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 High miss probability: Latest emissions intensity 920 gCO₂e per RTK (YE 2024) vs 851 target for 2025. A 7.5% one‑year cut after flat 2024. Base case miss and event-driven opportunity. </li>
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 Catalyst within months: The observation window ends YE 2025. Coupons adjust (up to +75bps) from May 2026 on the 2026s and over 2027-2028 on the 2028s, creating a tradable window. </li>
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 How to position: Own selected credit and optionality rather than step‑up carry. Trade around KPI disclosures and verification when the probability of a miss is priced before payments change. </li>
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 High miss probability: Latest emissions intensity 920 gCO₂e per RTK (YE 2024) vs 851 target for 2025. A 7.5% one‑year cut after flat 2024. Base case miss and event-driven opportunity. 

 Catalyst within months: The observation window ends YE 2025. Coupons adjust (up to +75bps) from May 2026 on the 2026s and over 2027-2028 on the 2028s, creating a tradable window. 

 How to position: Own selected credit and optionality rather than step‑up carry. Trade around KPI disclosures and verification when the probability of a miss is priced before payments change. 


Air France‑KLM (AF) SLBs, High Miss Risk Into 2026

Founder & Managing Director, AIR Control Tower, AIR Control Tower

Neil Glynn

Founder & Managing Director, AIR Control Tower

AIR Control Tower

AIR Control Tower is an independent research and analysis platform. Its mission is to provide impactful insight and analysis across the global airline industry at a company and market level via detailed financial models to aid decision making for key stake holders at a time when risks have seldom, if ever, been higher and the global sector grapples with the imperative of funding de-carbonisation. Unique analysis forecasting global carrier-level earnings/cash flows, and restructuring/de-leveraging prospects, is designed to dynamically assess the health of the industry, predict surprises and identify potential requirements for third party support.

Insights on the global airline industry

Equity Bottom-Up

<ul>
<li>We refresh estimates on AF-KLM, IAG, Lufthansa following Singapore Airlines's effective profit warning, noting higher fuel prices make margin protection more difficult.</li>
<li>Our 2024 EBIT estimates are 7% ahead of consensus at €2.0bn for AF-KLM, 6% ahead at €3.6bn for IAG and 5% behind at €2.5bn for Lufthansa.</li>
<li>Lufthansa has highest-in-class capacity growth, with its biggest focus on APAC while APAC yield weakness prompts margin management concerns as ground handlers strike.</li>
</ul>


We refresh estimates on AF-KLM, IAG, Lufthansa following Singapore Airlines's effective profit warning, noting higher fuel prices make margin protection more difficult.
Our 2024 EBIT estimates are 7% ahead of consensus at €2.0bn for AF-KLM, 6% ahead at €3.6bn for IAG and 5% behind at €2.5bn for Lufthansa.
Lufthansa has highest-in-class capacity growth, with its biggest focus on APAC while APAC yield weakness prompts margin management concerns as ground handlers strike.


European Airlines - Difficult to Avoid Long Haul Earnings Declines in 2024

Technical Analyst, Vermilion Research

Joe Jasper

Technical Analyst

Technical and Quantitative Research

Vermilion Research

Vermilion’s objective is to deliver timely, actionable, and unique technical research to professional investors through the application of our various technical indicators.

Our research strategists seek to highlight securities which we believe are at major inflection points, based on our various technical and quantitative indicators, and offer asymmetric risk/return profiles. Our unique research methodology, centered on relative strength, enables our strategists to deliver superior investment recommendations.

Our process begins by organizing the universe of actively traded stocks into discrete sectors, then into industry groups. We then apply our technical and quantitative tools to identify developing price trends. Once attractive trends are identified within a selected sector or group, we screen for individual stocks which we believe offer the best risk/reward profile. We provide a historical perspective that often reveals, through our long-term charts, how price patterns often repeat themselves over time.

Technical Analysis

Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals / Technical Analysis

<ul>
<li>We remain near-term bullish since our 4/22/25 Compass, and our intermediate-term outlook remains bullish as well (as of our 5/14/25 Compass), with Int’l Compass reports all echoing this sentiment</li>
<li>Short-Term supports to watch on ACWI-US continue to be $132 (testing now), $130, $128, $125-$126, and $123-$123.50. All signs point to the ACWI-US uptrend continuing for the foreseeable future.</li>
<li>Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out; Japan Also Remains Attractive. Buys in Consumer Discretionary (primarily autos/parts), Industrials, Services, Health Care, Materials, Financials, and Real Estate</li>
</ul>


We remain near-term bullish since our 4/22/25 Compass, and our intermediate-term outlook remains bullish as well (as of our 5/14/25 Compass), with Int’l Compass reports all echoing this sentiment
Short-Term supports to watch on ACWI-US continue to be $132 (testing now), $130, $128, $125-$126, and $123-$123.50. All signs point to the ACWI-US uptrend continuing for the foreseeable future.
Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out; Japan Also Remains Attractive. Buys in Consumer Discretionary (primarily autos/parts), Industrials, Services, Health Care, Materials, Financials, and Real Estate


Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out

Our cautious outlook and expectation for continued downward consolidation for global equities remains intact. Broad global indexes (MSCI ACWI, ACWI ex-U.S., EAFE, and EM) are all trading within patterns of lower highs and lower lows, leading us to believe the most likely scenario is that this near-term bounce is likely nothing more than a countertrend rally before longer-term downtrends reassert themselves. The one bright spot is EM.  In this report we highlight a number of attractive set-ups within the Financial, Communication, Engineering &amp; Construction, and Transportation Sectors.

Our cautious outlook and expectation for continued downward consolidation for global equities remains intact. Broad global indexes (MSCI ACWI, ACWI ex-U.S., EAFE, and EM) are all trading within patterns of lower highs and lower lows, leading us to believe the most likely scenario is that this near-term bounce is likely nothing more than a countertrend rally before longer-term downtrends reassert themselves. The one bright spot is EM.  In this report we highlight a number of attractive set-ups within the Financial, Communication, Engineering &amp; Construction, and Transportation Sectors.

Global Equity Strategy: Bearish with the Exception of EM.

Concerns over perceived U.S. central bank policy missteps have been somewhat alleviated following dovish takeaways from Fed Chair Powell’s comments this week. However, trade tensions remain a concern for global markets despite optimism surrounding the Trump/Xi meeting at the G20 summit this week. Therefore, our outlook remains cautious and we expect consolidation to continue as global equities enjoy a bounce off of recent lows. Ultimately, we will need to see more definitive signs of bottoming throughout Europe, Asia, and the U.S. before getting positive on global equities.  We provide a technical appraisal of major markets and highlight attractive set ups in global transportation, communications, and financial sectors

Concerns over perceived U.S. central bank policy missteps have been somewhat alleviated following dovish takeaways from Fed Chair Powell’s comments this week. However, trade tensions remain a concern for global markets despite optimism surrounding the Trump/Xi meeting at the G20 summit this week. Therefore, our outlook remains cautious and we expect consolidation to continue as global equities enjoy a bounce off of recent lows. Ultimately, we will need to see more definitive signs of bottoming throughout Europe, Asia, and the U.S. before getting positive on global equities.  We provide a technical appraisal of major markets and highlight attractive set ups in global transportation, communications, and financial sectors

Global Equity Strategy: Bouncing off Lows, China Perking Up

France

Air France-KLM provides air transportation services. The Company operates airlines and offers travel booking, catering, freight transportation, aircraft maintenance, and pilot training services. Air France-KLM serves customers worldwide.

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Air France-KLM (AF FP)

Air France‑KLM (AF) SLBs, High Miss Risk Into 2026

Article discusses high miss probability in emissions intensity targets, with a 7.5% one-year cut after a flat 2024. Catalyst expected within...

EC

European Airlines - Difficult to Avoid Long Haul Earnings Declines in 2024

Deep dive on European flag carrier earnings prospects in 2024 featuring quarterly earnings bridges, in-depth fare and capacity growth analysis.

Neil Glynn

Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out

Upgrading China to Overweight. Europe Breaking Out. Japan Remains Attractive. All signs point to the $ACWI uptrend continuing for the foreseeable...

Vermilion Research

Global Equity Strategy: Bearish with the Exception of EM.

Our cautious outlook and expectation for continued downward consolidation for global equities remains intact. Broad global indexes (MSCI ACWI, ACWI...

Vermilion Research

Global Equity Strategy: Bouncing off Lows, China Perking Up

Concerns over perceived U.S. central bank policy missteps have been somewhat alleviated following dovish takeaways from Fed Chair Powell’s comments...

Vermilion Research

Price Gauge

52-week Range

Market Cap (USDm)

P/E

Dividend (Yield)

Air France‑KLM (AF) SLBs, High Miss Risk Into 2026

​Article discusses high miss probability in emissions intensity targets, with a 7.5% one-year cut after a flat 2024. Catalyst expected within...

EC

European Airlines - Difficult to Avoid Long Haul Earnings Declines in 2024

Deep dive on European flag carrier earnings prospects in 2024 featuring quarterly earnings bridges, in-depth fare and capacity growth analysis.

Neil Glynn

Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out

Upgrading China to Overweight. Europe Breaking Out. Japan Remains Attractive. All signs point to the $ACWI uptrend continuing for the foreseeable...

Vermilion Research

Global Equity Strategy: Bearish with the Exception of EM.

Our cautious outlook and expectation for continued downward consolidation for global equities remains intact. Broad global indexes (MSCI ACWI, ACWI...

Vermilion Research

Global Equity Strategy: Bouncing off Lows, China Perking Up

Concerns over perceived U.S. central bank policy missteps have been somewhat alleviated following dovish takeaways from Fed Chair Powell’s comments...

Vermilion Research

Article discusses high miss probability in emissions intensity targets, with a 7.5% one-year cut after a flat 2024. Catalyst expected within...