Managing Director, Leaf & Ledger Limited

Evan Campbell, CFA

Managing Director

Leaf & Ledger Limited

Formed in 2024, Leaf & Ledger is a European advisory and research firm serving institutional investors and managers. We focus on real assets and private markets, with public-market read-throughs where material. Our work emphasises valuation signals, market structure, and execution topics that translate technical assessment into underwriting and strategy.

Insight That Moves Capital

<ul>
<li>
 High miss probability: Latest emissions intensity 920 gCO₂e per RTK (YE 2024) vs 851 target for 2025. A 7.5% one‑year cut after flat 2024. Base case miss and event-driven opportunity. </li>
<li>
 Catalyst within months: The observation window ends YE 2025. Coupons adjust (up to +75bps) from May 2026 on the 2026s and over 2027-2028 on the 2028s, creating a tradable window. </li>
<li>
 How to position: Own selected credit and optionality rather than step‑up carry. Trade around KPI disclosures and verification when the probability of a miss is priced before payments change. </li>
</ul>



 High miss probability: Latest emissions intensity 920 gCO₂e per RTK (YE 2024) vs 851 target for 2025. A 7.5% one‑year cut after flat 2024. Base case miss and event-driven opportunity. 

 Catalyst within months: The observation window ends YE 2025. Coupons adjust (up to +75bps) from May 2026 on the 2026s and over 2027-2028 on the 2028s, creating a tradable window. 

 How to position: Own selected credit and optionality rather than step‑up carry. Trade around KPI disclosures and verification when the probability of a miss is priced before payments change. 


Air France‑KLM (AF) SLBs, High Miss Risk Into 2026

Founder & Managing Director, AIR Control Tower, AIR Control Tower

Neil Glynn

Founder & Managing Director, AIR Control Tower

AIR Control Tower

AIR Control Tower is an independent research and analysis platform. Its mission is to provide impactful insight and analysis across the global airline industry at a company and market level via detailed financial models to aid decision making for key stake holders at a time when risks have seldom, if ever, been higher and the global sector grapples with the imperative of funding de-carbonisation. Unique analysis forecasting global carrier-level earnings/cash flows, and restructuring/de-leveraging prospects, is designed to dynamically assess the health of the industry, predict surprises and identify potential requirements for third party support.

Insights on the global airline industry

Equity Bottom-Up

<ul>
<li>We refresh estimates on AF-KLM, IAG, Lufthansa following Singapore Airlines's effective profit warning, noting higher fuel prices make margin protection more difficult.</li>
<li>Our 2024 EBIT estimates are 7% ahead of consensus at €2.0bn for AF-KLM, 6% ahead at €3.6bn for IAG and 5% behind at €2.5bn for Lufthansa.</li>
<li>Lufthansa has highest-in-class capacity growth, with its biggest focus on APAC while APAC yield weakness prompts margin management concerns as ground handlers strike.</li>
</ul>


We refresh estimates on AF-KLM, IAG, Lufthansa following Singapore Airlines's effective profit warning, noting higher fuel prices make margin protection more difficult.
Our 2024 EBIT estimates are 7% ahead of consensus at €2.0bn for AF-KLM, 6% ahead at €3.6bn for IAG and 5% behind at €2.5bn for Lufthansa.
Lufthansa has highest-in-class capacity growth, with its biggest focus on APAC while APAC yield weakness prompts margin management concerns as ground handlers strike.


European Airlines - Difficult to Avoid Long Haul Earnings Declines in 2024

APAC IPOs & Placements, Aequitas Research

Ethan Aw

APAC IPOs & Placements

IPOs and Placements coverage across Asia Pacific

Aequitas Research

We cover all listing across the Asia Pacific along with follow-up placements. As of Dec 2020, our team had covered 539 IPOs with a hit rate of 73.5% and 685 placements with a hit rate of 66.8%.

We combine fundamental bottom-up views with our proprietary quantitative framework to provide a holistic coverage across new listings and placements. Our coverage includes pre-IPO notes before the deal is launched, follow-up analysis once the deal is live and post-listing trading analysis as well.

Equity Capital Markets

Skymark Airlines / Equity Capital Markets

<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/skymark-airlines-inc" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:20430:1" rel="noopener">Skymark Airlines (9204 JP)</a> raised US$242m in its Japan IPO. The shares began to trade on 14th Dec 2022, its six-month lockup will expire on 11th Jun 2023.</li>
<li>Skymark Airlines (SA) is a Japanese low-cost airline, being the third largest domestic airline  according to the company. Unlike major airlines and other low-cost carriers, Skymark operates only domestic flights.</li>
<li>In this note, we will talk about the lock-up dynamics and updates since our last note.</li>
</ul>



Skymark Airlines (9204 JP) raised US$242m in its Japan IPO. The shares began to trade on 14th Dec 2022, its six-month lockup will expire on 11th Jun 2023.
Skymark Airlines (SA) is a Japanese low-cost airline, being the third largest domestic airline  according to the company. Unlike major airlines and other low-cost carriers, Skymark operates only domestic flights.
In this note, we will talk about the lock-up dynamics and updates since our last note.


Skymark Airlines Lockup Expiry - Still Doesn’t Seem Cheap with 50% of the Shares Being Unlocked

Technical Analyst, Vermilion Research

Joe Jasper

Technical Analyst

Technical and Quantitative Research

Vermilion Research

Vermilion’s objective is to deliver timely, actionable, and unique technical research to professional investors through the application of our various technical indicators.

Our research strategists seek to highlight securities which we believe are at major inflection points, based on our various technical and quantitative indicators, and offer asymmetric risk/return profiles. Our unique research methodology, centered on relative strength, enables our strategists to deliver superior investment recommendations.

Our process begins by organizing the universe of actively traded stocks into discrete sectors, then into industry groups. We then apply our technical and quantitative tools to identify developing price trends. Once attractive trends are identified within a selected sector or group, we screen for individual stocks which we believe offer the best risk/reward profile. We provide a historical perspective that often reveals, through our long-term charts, how price patterns often repeat themselves over time.

Technical Analysis

Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals / Technical Analysis

<ul>
<li>We remain near-term bullish since our 4/22/25 Compass, and our intermediate-term outlook remains bullish as well (as of our 5/14/25 Compass), with Int’l Compass reports all echoing this sentiment</li>
<li>Short-Term supports to watch on ACWI-US continue to be $132 (testing now), $130, $128, $125-$126, and $123-$123.50. All signs point to the ACWI-US uptrend continuing for the foreseeable future.</li>
<li>Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out; Japan Also Remains Attractive. Buys in Consumer Discretionary (primarily autos/parts), Industrials, Services, Health Care, Materials, Financials, and Real Estate</li>
</ul>


We remain near-term bullish since our 4/22/25 Compass, and our intermediate-term outlook remains bullish as well (as of our 5/14/25 Compass), with Int’l Compass reports all echoing this sentiment
Short-Term supports to watch on ACWI-US continue to be $132 (testing now), $130, $128, $125-$126, and $123-$123.50. All signs point to the ACWI-US uptrend continuing for the foreseeable future.
Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out; Japan Also Remains Attractive. Buys in Consumer Discretionary (primarily autos/parts), Industrials, Services, Health Care, Materials, Financials, and Real Estate


Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out

Global Head of Research & Head of Europe, Lucror Analytics

Felix Fischer

Global Head of Research & Head of Europe

High Yield Experts

Lucror Analytics

Lucror Analytics is a leading credit and ESG research specialist and a provider of technology solutions for differentiated fixed income strategies. Our roots are in bottom-up fundamental credit analysis with a specialization in high yield corporate credits from Europe, Asia and Latin America. We are one of few research specialists integrating ESG considerations with fundamental credit research through a dedicated ESG platform. Our ESG assessment covers five key criteria: Disclosure, E,S, & G Pillars, Controversies, ESG Impact on Credit and ESG Momentum.

Recognizing the importance and value-add of Factor Investing in fixed income, Lucror developed the Smart Quant Navigator (SQN), an intuitive platform that helps clients devise and implement factor-based strategies ranging from pure quant to active fundamental, with integrated ESG.

Our company has been at the forefront of developments in the fixed income markets, identifying opportunities and consistently delivering new products and value-adding solutions to clients. Lucror has close relationships with the largest and most reputable asset managers, family offices, hedge funds, investment and wealth managers globally.

Credit

The Europe HY Trade Book for September 2024 includes current trade recommendations drawn from our European HY coverage universe, along with relative-value scatter plots and tables by industry.

  The Europe HY Trade Book for September 2024 includes current trade recommendations drawn from our European HY coverage universe, along with relative-value scatter plots and tables by industry. 

Europe HY Trade Book - September 2024 - Lucror Analytics

France

Air France-KLM provides air transportation services. The Company operates airlines and offers travel booking, catering, freight transportation, aircraft maintenance, and pilot training services. Air France-KLM serves customers worldwide.

Price Gauge
52-week Range	0.00 - 0.00
Market Cap (USDm)	0.00
P/E	0.00
Dividend (Yield)	0.00

Air France-KLM (AF FP)

Air France‑KLM (AF) SLBs, High Miss Risk Into 2026

Article discusses high miss probability in emissions intensity targets, with a 7.5% one-year cut after a flat 2024. Catalyst expected within...

Evan Campbell, CFA

European Airlines - Difficult to Avoid Long Haul Earnings Declines in 2024

Deep dive on European flag carrier earnings prospects in 2024 featuring quarterly earnings bridges, in-depth fare and capacity growth analysis.

Neil Glynn

Skymark Airlines Lockup Expiry - Still Doesn’t Seem Cheap with 50% of the Shares Being Unlocked

Skymark Airlines (9204 JP) raised US$242m in its Japan IPO. The shares began to trade on 14th Dec 2022, its six-month lockup will expire on 11th...

Ethan Aw

Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out

Upgrading China to Overweight. Europe Breaking Out. Japan Remains Attractive. All signs point to the $ACWI uptrend continuing for the foreseeable...

Vermilion Research

Europe HY Trade Book - September 2024 - Lucror Analytics

The Europe HY Trade Book for September 2024 includes current trade recommendations drawn from our European HY coverage universe, along with...

Lucror Analytics

Price Gauge

52-week Range

Market Cap (USDm)

P/E

Dividend (Yield)

Air France‑KLM (AF) SLBs, High Miss Risk Into 2026

​Article discusses high miss probability in emissions intensity targets, with a 7.5% one-year cut after a flat 2024. Catalyst expected within...

Evan Campbell, CFA

European Airlines - Difficult to Avoid Long Haul Earnings Declines in 2024

Deep dive on European flag carrier earnings prospects in 2024 featuring quarterly earnings bridges, in-depth fare and capacity growth analysis.

Neil Glynn

Skymark Airlines Lockup Expiry - Still Doesn’t Seem Cheap with 50% of the Shares Being Unlocked

Skymark Airlines (9204 JP) raised US$242m in its Japan IPO. The shares began to trade on 14th Dec 2022, its six-month lockup will expire on 11th...

Ethan Aw

Upgrading China to Overweight; Europe Breaking Out

Upgrading China to Overweight. Europe Breaking Out. Japan Remains Attractive. All signs point to the $ACWI uptrend continuing for the foreseeable...

Vermilion Research

Europe HY Trade Book - September 2024 - Lucror Analytics

The Europe HY Trade Book for September 2024 includes current trade recommendations drawn from our European HY coverage universe, along with...

Lucror Analytics

Article discusses high miss probability in emissions intensity targets, with a 7.5% one-year cut after a flat 2024. Catalyst expected within...