Founder of Antler Capital

Stanley Tsai, CFA

Macroeconomics

Industrial profits round out the macro data releases for the month. Overall, the numbers are in line with expectations, but if we look past the impact of commodity price dislocations, earnings outlook is decidedly less sanguine (Exhibit 1).
Headline industrial earnings reinforce the trends in PPI we saw earlier in the month. The 20% two-year CAGR in May was driven mainly by higher factory gate prices. Unit sales growth remained anemic and reflects weaker-than-expected infrastructure capex, exports and consumer spending. 
The upstream resource extraction industry continued to benefit from the commodities boom. Profitability gains from price hikes have more than offset low transaction volumes. This significant distortion has prompted Beijing's recent interventions. We believe margins may have topped out for the upstream producers and we will be looking at progressively tougher comps ahead.
The midstream refiners and equipment manufacturers vary in their ability to pass on price hikes to their customers. Earnings growth slowed for ferrous metals and accelerated for non-ferrous metals for this reason. In any case, margins have risen to a recent high for the sector as a whole and are set to narrow. Equipment producers have led the retreat thus far.
The logical pecking order going forward would seem to be downstream &gt; midstream &gt; upstream. We believe there is a strong case for cyclicals and discretionaries as input prices ease. And more earnings upgrades may be in the works following in Li Ning <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/li-ning-co-ltd" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:6047:1" rel="noopener">(2331 HK)</a>'s footsteps. CPI still looks benign for the time being, but we would keep an eye out for a rebound in food prices. The recent recovery in pork prices - coupled with an unusually dry season globally - could make for a nasty surprise.
<table class="table table-striped">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;">Exhibit 1: Monthly Industrial Profits by Sector | % ∆ y/y </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 100%;">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/215/821/original/image_984775689201624923389813.png?1624923389" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="215821"></figure>
Note: Growth rates = 2Y CAGR
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Our analysis
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Related Insights
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-financials-silver-linings-playbook" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53013" rel="noopener">China Financials: Silver Linings Playbook</a></li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-properties-like-clockwork-real-estate-investments-haven-t-skipped-a-beat" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53590" rel="noopener">China Properties: Like Clockwork, Real Estate Investments Haven't Skipped a Beat</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-ppi-peaks-while-cpi-eases-tightening-fears" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52778" rel="noopener">China Macro: PPI Peaks, while CPI Eases Tightening Fears</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-consumers-remain-on-the-sidelines-as-their-home-equity-grows" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53210" rel="noopener">China Macro: Consumers Remain on the Sidelines, as Their Home Equity Grows</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-exports-disappoint-but-it-s-still-early-in-the-game" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52728" rel="noopener">China Macro: Exports Disappoint, but It's Still Early in the Game</a> </li>
</ul>

Industrial profits round out the macro data releases for the month. Overall, the numbers are in line with expectations, but if we look past the impact of commodity price dislocations, earnings outlook is decidedly less sanguine (Exhibit 1).
Headline industrial earnings reinforce the trends in PPI we saw earlier in the month. The 20% two-year CAGR in May was driven mainly by higher factory gate prices. Unit sales growth remained anemic and reflects weaker-than-expected infrastructure capex, exports and consumer spending. 
The upstream resource extraction industry continued to benefit from the commodities boom. Profitability gains from price hikes have more than offset low transaction volumes. This significant distortion has prompted Beijing's recent interventions. We believe margins may have topped out for the upstream producers and we will be looking at progressively tougher comps ahead.
The midstream refiners and equipment manufacturers vary in their ability to pass on price hikes to their customers. Earnings growth slowed for ferrous metals and accelerated for non-ferrous metals for this reason. In any case, margins have risen to a recent high for the sector as a whole and are set to narrow. Equipment producers have led the retreat thus far.
The logical pecking order going forward would seem to be downstream &gt; midstream &gt; upstream. We believe there is a strong case for cyclicals and discretionaries as input prices ease. And more earnings upgrades may be in the works following in Li Ning (2331 HK)'s footsteps. CPI still looks benign for the time being, but we would keep an eye out for a rebound in food prices. The recent recovery in pork prices - coupled with an unusually dry season globally - could make for a nasty surprise.



Exhibit 1: Monthly Industrial Profits by Sector | % ∆ y/y 




Note: Growth rates = 2Y CAGR
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Our analysis




Related Insights

China Financials: Silver Linings Playbook

China Properties: Like Clockwork, Real Estate Investments Haven't Skipped a Beat 

China Macro: PPI Peaks, while CPI Eases Tightening Fears 

China Macro: Consumers Remain on the Sidelines, as Their Home Equity Grows 

China Macro: Exports Disappoint, but It's Still Early in the Game 


China Macro: Profits Flowing Gently Down the Stream

Thematic (Sector/Industry)

For all the roller coaster rides the sector has taken investors on over the years, the Chinese property developers have been unsettlingly consistent in one regard. The CNY1tn fixed asset investment (FAI) homebuilders coughed up in May continued a two-decades long secular trend that may make or break China's still fragile recovery (Exhibit 1).
The Debt-Fueled Supercycle. The sector has seen its share of excesses and corrections, exemplified by the post-GFC FAI expansion and subsequent retrenchment. Covid might have driven up construction costs, but the enthusiasm of would-be homeowners has shown no signs of abating. Just as the developers are working overtime to deleverage their balance sheets, household debt is piling up and may approach alarming levels over the next five years if mortgage growth doesn't decelerate quickly enough.
The Inventory Drawdown. Behind the headline FAI number is a more nuanced picture of inventory reductions and landbank replenishment. Housing starts slowed in May and dipped below project completions on a 12-month rolling basis. This affords cash-strapped property firms an opportunity to rebuild their cashflows, while deploying cash to projects in hand.
The Insatiable Demand. The 0.5% m/m or 5% y/y rise in home prices last month may appear benign in other settings. In the context of China's already exorbitant base, recent data points are a cause for concern. Among the largest cities across the country, those in the Greater Bay Area stand out as outliers, with valuations skyrocketing in spite of the latest round of lockdowns.
The Aggressive Developers. The increasingly bullish undertones of sell-side notes that have landed on our desks are centered around the inventory drawdown / cashflow rebuild story of the perceived higher-quality names in the space. We are not buyers of that story just yet and our work suggests that many developers have been acquiring land at a more aggressive rate than they had planned at the beginning of the year. Regulators are already keeping a close eye on recent transactions and we think we should too.
<table class="table table-striped">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 746px;">Exhibit 1: Monthly Housing FAI | 3M Moving Avg (CNY bn)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 746px;">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/215/144/original/image_45072834061624549646155.png?1624549646" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="215144"></figure>
Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Our analysis
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Related Insights
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-financials-silver-linings-playbook" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53013" rel="noopener">China Financials: Silver Linings Playbook</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/glut-and-famine-we-might-see-snow-in-china-this-summer" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52840" rel="noopener">Glut and Famine: We Might See Snow in China This Summer</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-operation-twist-the-deposit-version" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53435" rel="noopener">China Macro: Operation Twist | The Deposit Version</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-consumers-remain-on-the-sidelines-as-their-home-equity-grows" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53210" rel="noopener">China Macro: Consumers Remain on the Sidelines, as Their Home Equity Grows</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-ppi-peaks-while-cpi-eases-tightening-fears" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52778" rel="noopener">China Macro: PPI Peaks, while CPI Eases Tightening Fears</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-exports-disappoint-but-it-s-still-early-in-the-game" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52728" rel="noopener">China Macro: Exports Disappoint, but It's Still Early in the Game</a> </li>
</ul>

For all the roller coaster rides the sector has taken investors on over the years, the Chinese property developers have been unsettlingly consistent in one regard. The CNY1tn fixed asset investment (FAI) homebuilders coughed up in May continued a two-decades long secular trend that may make or break China's still fragile recovery (Exhibit 1).
The Debt-Fueled Supercycle. The sector has seen its share of excesses and corrections, exemplified by the post-GFC FAI expansion and subsequent retrenchment. Covid might have driven up construction costs, but the enthusiasm of would-be homeowners has shown no signs of abating. Just as the developers are working overtime to deleverage their balance sheets, household debt is piling up and may approach alarming levels over the next five years if mortgage growth doesn't decelerate quickly enough.
The Inventory Drawdown. Behind the headline FAI number is a more nuanced picture of inventory reductions and landbank replenishment. Housing starts slowed in May and dipped below project completions on a 12-month rolling basis. This affords cash-strapped property firms an opportunity to rebuild their cashflows, while deploying cash to projects in hand.
The Insatiable Demand. The 0.5% m/m or 5% y/y rise in home prices last month may appear benign in other settings. In the context of China's already exorbitant base, recent data points are a cause for concern. Among the largest cities across the country, those in the Greater Bay Area stand out as outliers, with valuations skyrocketing in spite of the latest round of lockdowns.
The Aggressive Developers. The increasingly bullish undertones of sell-side notes that have landed on our desks are centered around the inventory drawdown / cashflow rebuild story of the perceived higher-quality names in the space. We are not buyers of that story just yet and our work suggests that many developers have been acquiring land at a more aggressive rate than they had planned at the beginning of the year. Regulators are already keeping a close eye on recent transactions and we think we should too.



Exhibit 1: Monthly Housing FAI | 3M Moving Avg (CNY bn)




Source: National Bureau of Statistics, Our analysis




Related Insights


China Financials: Silver Linings Playbook 

Glut and Famine: We Might See Snow in China This Summer 

China Macro: Operation Twist | The Deposit Version 

China Macro: Consumers Remain on the Sidelines, as Their Home Equity Grows 

China Macro: PPI Peaks, while CPI Eases Tightening Fears 

China Macro: Exports Disappoint, but It's Still Early in the Game 


China Properties: Like Clockwork, Real Estate Investments Haven't Skipped a Beat

Following consultations with the industry earlier this month, the PBOC has rolled out a new deposit pricing framework, which has the net impact of raising short-term rates while lowering long-term rates for depositors. In our view, this is marginally positive from a macro standpoint, but is far from a major market catalyst.
While policy rates were left untouched, the central bank has tweaked the way deposit rate ceilings are calibrated. The maximum add-ons to base current account, term deposit and negotiable CD rates are 10bp / 50bp / 60bp for SOE banks and 20bp / 75bp / 80bp for the rest of the banking system. This results in a flattening of the deposit rate curve, similar in form to the intended outcome of Operation Twist in the treasury market (Exhibits 1 and 2).
However, the latest move should not be construed as a signal of monetary easing by the PBOC. At the margin, the rate structure reform may encourage some additional consumer spending and corporate investments. But we expect the bulk of the impact to be seen in institutional money flows, with investors such as insurance companies moving away from term deposits to wealth management products and the rates market.
Average deposit rates were already very close to the ceiling prior to the change. And we believe the smaller banks may take the opportunity to raise short-term rates to attract retail money from the G-SIBs and each other. This may lead to further divergence in funding costs between the national and regional players, although we take some comfort from the fact that long-term rates are set to fall, minimizing the potential for irrational pricing that is locked in for two to three years.
Loan prime rates (LPRs) have held steady at 3.85% and 4.65% for one-year and five-year tenors. We continue to see little room for China's LPRs to change in the rest of 2021. Having said that, the runaway housing market seems increasingly more than a tail risk and may trigger a surprise lending rate hike on the long end if price appreciations show no signs of abating in 2H21.
<table class="table table-striped">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 352.333px;">Exhibit 1: SOE Banks | Deposit Rate Ceiling (%)</td>
<td style="width: 352.333px;">Exhibit 2: Non-SOE Banks | Deposit Rate Ceiling (%)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 352.333px;">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/214/570/original/image_44634500891624334029988.png?1624334029" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="214570"></figure>
Source: PBOC, Our analysis
</td>
<td style="width: 352.333px;">
<figure class="editor-figure mceNonEditable"><img src="https://static-prod.smartkarma.com/images/media/000/214/572/original/image_517531219111624334079589.png?1624334079" class="editor-image img-responsive" data-smartkarma-image-id="214572"></figure>
Source: PBOC, Our analysis
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Related Insights
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-financials-silver-linings-playbook" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53013" rel="noopener">China Financials: Silver Linings Playbook</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/glut-and-famine-we-might-see-snow-in-china-this-summer" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52840" rel="noopener">Glut and Famine: We Might See Snow in China This Summer</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-consumers-remain-on-the-sidelines-as-their-home-equity-grows" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53210" rel="noopener">China</a><a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-consumers-remain-on-the-sidelines-as-their-home-equity-grows" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:53210" rel="noopener"> Macro: Consumers Remain on the Sidelines, as Their Home Equity Grows</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-ppi-peaks-while-cpi-eases-tightening-fears" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52778" rel="noopener">China Macro: PPI Peaks, while CPI Eases Tightening Fears</a> </li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/insights/china-macro-exports-disappoint-but-it-s-still-early-in-the-game" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="insights:52728" rel="noopener">China Macro: Exports Disappoint, but It's Still Early in the Game</a> </li>
</ul>

Following consultations with the industry earlier this month, the PBOC has rolled out a new deposit pricing framework, which has the net impact of raising short-term rates while lowering long-term rates for depositors. In our view, this is marginally positive from a macro standpoint, but is far from a major market catalyst.
While policy rates were left untouched, the central bank has tweaked the way deposit rate ceilings are calibrated. The maximum add-ons to base current account, term deposit and negotiable CD rates are 10bp / 50bp / 60bp for SOE banks and 20bp / 75bp / 80bp for the rest of the banking system. This results in a flattening of the deposit rate curve, similar in form to the intended outcome of Operation Twist in the treasury market (Exhibits 1 and 2).
However, the latest move should not be construed as a signal of monetary easing by the PBOC. At the margin, the rate structure reform may encourage some additional consumer spending and corporate investments. But we expect the bulk of the impact to be seen in institutional money flows, with investors such as insurance companies moving away from term deposits to wealth management products and the rates market.
Average deposit rates were already very close to the ceiling prior to the change. And we believe the smaller banks may take the opportunity to raise short-term rates to attract retail money from the G-SIBs and each other. This may lead to further divergence in funding costs between the national and regional players, although we take some comfort from the fact that long-term rates are set to fall, minimizing the potential for irrational pricing that is locked in for two to three years.
Loan prime rates (LPRs) have held steady at 3.85% and 4.65% for one-year and five-year tenors. We continue to see little room for China's LPRs to change in the rest of 2021. Having said that, the runaway housing market seems increasingly more than a tail risk and may trigger a surprise lending rate hike on the long end if price appreciations show no signs of abating in 2H21.



Exhibit 1: SOE Banks | Deposit Rate Ceiling (%)
Exhibit 2: Non-SOE Banks | Deposit Rate Ceiling (%)




Source: PBOC, Our analysis



Source: PBOC, Our analysis




Related Insights

China Financials: Silver Linings Playbook

Glut and Famine: We Might See Snow in China This Summer 

China Macro: Consumers Remain on the Sidelines, as Their Home Equity Grows


China Macro: PPI Peaks, while CPI Eases Tightening Fears 

China Macro: Exports Disappoint, but It's Still Early in the Game 


China Macro: Operation Twist | The Deposit Version

China and US Equity Analyst

Roger Xie

Cross Asset Strategy

<ul>
<li>We become increasing encouraged that China equity (A-share and Hong Kong) market could stage a medium-term rebound after prolonged market correction since beginning of the year. <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/shanghai-shenzhen-csi-300-index" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:22906:1" rel="noopener">Shanghai Shenzhen CSI 300 Index (SHSZ300 INDEX)</a> gained 0.5% and tech-focused <a href="https://www.smartkarma.com/entities/chinext-price-index" target="_blank" data-smartkarma-citation="entities:25483:1" rel="noopener">Chinext Price Index (SZ399006 INDEX)</a> gained 2.6% past week. The daily average traded value rebounded to RMB 800bn. We expect tech will likely lead the rebound since they have declined the biggest in the correction.</li>
<li>On the macro front, China April data on domestic activity is generally weaker than expected. The biggest disappointment came from retail sales, which suddenly lost momentum in April.  Industrial Production (IP) also came in below expectations in April (+0.5% month-over-month). The domestic Treasury bond yields have been moving lower after the release of April macro data. Combined with recent statement from China central bank, we believe this leaves more room for central bank to provide more liquidity to the market.</li>
<li>On the earning front, around 76% of MSCI China constituents have released their 1Q21 earnings. They have reported earnings growth 35.6% in 1Q21 and majority of them beat market consensus. Sectors with the highest growth have recovered quickly from last year. Semiconductor design, electronics with AR/VR, automobile electronics, and consumption would likely outperform in coming months. </li>
</ul>


We become increasing encouraged that China equity (A-share and Hong Kong) market could stage a medium-term rebound after prolonged market correction since beginning of the year. Shanghai Shenzhen CSI 300 Index (SHSZ300 INDEX) gained 0.5% and tech-focused Chinext Price Index (SZ399006 INDEX) gained 2.6% past week. The daily average traded value rebounded to RMB 800bn. We expect tech will likely lead the rebound since they have declined the biggest in the correction.
On the macro front, China April data on domestic activity is generally weaker than expected. The biggest disappointment came from retail sales, which suddenly lost momentum in April.  Industrial Production (IP) also came in below expectations in April (+0.5% month-over-month). The domestic Treasury bond yields have been moving lower after the release of April macro data. Combined with recent statement from China central bank, we believe this leaves more room for central bank to provide more liquidity to the market.
On the earning front, around 76% of MSCI China constituents have released their 1Q21 earnings. They have reported earnings growth 35.6% in 1Q21 and majority of them beat market consensus. Sectors with the highest growth have recovered quickly from last year. Semiconductor design, electronics with AR/VR, automobile electronics, and consumption would likely outperform in coming months. 


China Equity Strategy: Market Set to Rebound and Rotate Back into Growth-Focused Tech

Chief Economist & Political Strategist, CrossASEAN Research

Prasenjit K. Basu

Chief Economist & Political Strategist

CrossASEAN Research

At CrossASEAN Research we strive to produce unbiased and differentiated on the ground insights on companies across South East Asia. Our Research is produced for the most part after face to face meetings and conversations with company management to dig deep into the long term vision and strategy of the companies we cover. We seek to deliver investable and actionable themes on sectors and markets across SE Asia, often in collaboration with other Insight Providers across the region, pooling the vast experience of the analysts within the Smartkarma Ecosystem. We also offer bespoke work and tailor made trips for our clients. 

Insights across South East Asia

Trade data for February 2021 (due next week), the first for the Biden era, will be scrutinized for bilateral deficits. In 2020, the US' bilateral deficits with only 3 of its top-10 trade partners declined -- Canada, Japan and Germany -- suggesting that Trump tariffs on steel and aluminium had worked partially. The US deficit with China declined sharply in 2019 and in Jan-Oct 2020, but mysteriously widened in the next 3 months. The US suspects that big deficits with Vietnam, Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia reflect transshipment of mainland-China products via those countries, and they are consequently already coming under some pressure. The trade war may not heat up further under Biden, but it will not cool down anytime soon. The US had a trade deficit of US$916 billion in 2020, 6% larger than in 2019, with exports down 14.1% YoY and imports down 6.6% YoY. But with net tourist and student inflows to the US down sharply, the current account deficit widened by as much as 35% to US$647 billion or 3.1% of GDP in 2020 (the largest in a decade, but much lower than the 2006 peak of 6% of GDP). US bilateral trade deficits with Canada, Japan and Germany (which are among top-5 trade partners) declined in 2020, suggesting that the impact of the steel and aluminium tariffs imposed early in the Trump term were beginning to finally pay off at least partly. Importantly, for the second consecutive year, the bilateral trade deficit with China declined (by a modest 3.6% YoY) to US$311 billion, the lowest since 2011. That bilateral deficit had widened in 2017 and 2018 (while Trump was only threatening but not actually imposing any tariffs). The imposition of tariffs on China's imports in 2019 (extended in 2020 to nearly half of goods imports from China) did contribute to reducing the US bilateral trade deficit with China. However, US imports from China increased 23.8% YoY in November-December 2020 (immediately after the US election), having declined in 9 of the first 10 months of 2020, and rose 17.5% YoY in Jan 2021.  The beneficiaries of export diversion from China were Vietnam, Switzerland, Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia, who saw US imports from them rise significantly in 2020 -- thereby also widening the US' bilateral trade deficits with them in 2020. The US believes that at least some of these countries' widening trade surpluses with the US reflect Chinese exports being transshipped to the US via those countries. So the Biden administration is likely to pay increased attention not only to the bilateral trade deficit with China (which has mysteriously risen sharply again since the election), but also bilateral deficits with Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea, etc., which may reflect the impact of transshipment of mainland-Chinese products into the US.

Trade data for February 2021 (due next week), the first for the Biden era, will be scrutinized for bilateral deficits. In 2020, the US' bilateral deficits with only 3 of its top-10 trade partners declined -- Canada, Japan and Germany -- suggesting that Trump tariffs on steel and aluminium had worked partially. The US deficit with China declined sharply in 2019 and in Jan-Oct 2020, but mysteriously widened in the next 3 months. The US suspects that big deficits with Vietnam, Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia reflect transshipment of mainland-China products via those countries, and they are consequently already coming under some pressure. The trade war may not heat up further under Biden, but it will not cool down anytime soon. The US had a trade deficit of US$916 billion in 2020, 6% larger than in 2019, with exports down 14.1% YoY and imports down 6.6% YoY. But with net tourist and student inflows to the US down sharply, the current account deficit widened by as much as 35% to US$647 billion or 3.1% of GDP in 2020 (the largest in a decade, but much lower than the 2006 peak of 6% of GDP). US bilateral trade deficits with Canada, Japan and Germany (which are among top-5 trade partners) declined in 2020, suggesting that the impact of the steel and aluminium tariffs imposed early in the Trump term were beginning to finally pay off at least partly. Importantly, for the second consecutive year, the bilateral trade deficit with China declined (by a modest 3.6% YoY) to US$311 billion, the lowest since 2011. That bilateral deficit had widened in 2017 and 2018 (while Trump was only threatening but not actually imposing any tariffs). The imposition of tariffs on China's imports in 2019 (extended in 2020 to nearly half of goods imports from China) did contribute to reducing the US bilateral trade deficit with China. However, US imports from China increased 23.8% YoY in November-December 2020 (immediately after the US election), having declined in 9 of the first 10 months of 2020, and rose 17.5% YoY in Jan 2021.  The beneficiaries of export diversion from China were Vietnam, Switzerland, Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia, who saw US imports from them rise significantly in 2020 -- thereby also widening the US' bilateral trade deficits with them in 2020. The US believes that at least some of these countries' widening trade surpluses with the US reflect Chinese exports being transshipped to the US via those countries. So the Biden administration is likely to pay increased attention not only to the bilateral trade deficit with China (which has mysteriously risen sharply again since the election), but also bilateral deficits with Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea, etc., which may reflect the impact of transshipment of mainland-Chinese products into the US. 

US: Trump's Record Card on Trade Mixed; China Trade Already Challenging Biden

China

The MSCI China Index is a free-float weighted equity index. It was developed with a base value of 100 as of December 31, 1992.

MSCI China Index (MXCN INDEX)

China Macro: Profits Flowing Gently Down the Stream

Last month’s industrial profits were in line, but if we look past the impact of commodity price dislocations, earnings outlook is decidedly less...

Stanley Tsai, CFA

China Properties: Like Clockwork, Real Estate Investments Haven't Skipped a Beat

Housing FAI in May continued a secular trend that may make or break China's recovery. Inventory drawdowns may afford developers some breathing...

Stanley Tsai, CFA

China Macro: Operation Twist | The Deposit Version

The PBOC’s latest deposit rate reform may encourage spending and investments at the margin, but it falls short of being a major market catalyst....

Stanley Tsai, CFA

China Equity Strategy: Market Set to Rebound and Rotate Back into Growth-Focused Tech

We become increasing encouraged that China equity market could stage a medium-term rebound after prolonged market correction since beginning of the...

Roger Xie

US: Trump's Record Card on Trade Mixed; China Trade Already Challenging Biden

The US bilateral trade deficit with China declined in 2019 & Jan-Oct 20, but rose in the 3 post-election months. Focus is turning to transshipment...

Prasenjit K. Basu